Brunner Gland Hyperplasia Of Duodenum: A Rare Case Mimicking Malignancy With Obstruction

An extremely uncommon benign tumor of duodenum, Brunner gland hyperplasia (BGH), is hereby reported in a 51-year-old male, who presented with recurrent vomiting and epigastric discomfort. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, computed tomography scan abdomen, and clinical presentation were suspicious of a malignant tumor with gastric outlet obstructive symptoms, and hence, pancreaticoduodenectomy was done. Post-operative histopathological examination confirmed it to be BGH.

Molecular mechanism of insulin resistance.

Free fatty acids are known to play a key role in promoting loss of insulin sensitivity,thereby causing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.However,the underlying mechanism involved is still unclear.In searching for the cause of the mechanism,it has been found that palmitate inhibits insulin receptor (IR)gene expression,leading to a reduced amount of IR protein in insulin target cells. PDK1-independent phosphorylation of PKC(eta) causes this reduction in insulin receptor gene expression.One of the pathways through which fatty acid can induce insulin resistance in insulin target cells is suggested by these studies.We provide an overview of this important area,emphasizing the current status.

[125I] gonadotropin binding to the ovary of an Indian major carp, Catla catla, at different stages of reproductive cycle.

At different stages of the annual reproductive cycle of Catla catla, a major Indian carp, specific binding of gonadotropic hormone to the plasma membrane receptors was demonstrated. Maximum specific binding of [125I] Catla gonadotropic hormone was obtained at 30°C and pH 7·5 during 2 h of incubation. Catla gonadotropic hormone binding was saturable with high affinity. Competitive inhibition experiment showed that binding site was specifically occupied by piscine gonadotropic hormone, Catla gonadotropic hormone and murrel gonadotropic hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin was a weak competitor while bovine thyroid stimulating hormone, bovine prolactin and ovine follicle stimulating hormone had no effect. Scatchard analysis of Catla gonadotropic hormone binding to the plasma membrane preparation from the carp oocytes of different reproductive stages showed that the range of dissociation constant (Kd) varied from 0·78 to 0·97 × 10-10 M. However, maximum binding capacity (B-max) varied remarkably between the different stages of reproductive cycle, it was 6·11 ± 0·36 fmol/mg protein in the preparatory stage which increased to about three-fold in prespawning stage of reproductive cycle (17·0 ± 0·29 fmol/mg protein) and spawning (18·7 ± 0·17 fmol/mg protein) and lowest in postspawning stage of reproductive cycle (5·28 ± 0·28 fmol/mg protein). Fluctuation in the number of gonadotropic hormone binding site at different stages of annual reproductive cycle was found to be coincided well with the pattern of ovarian steroidogenesis in response to Catla gonadotropic hormone as determined by the formation of progesterone from pregnenolone.